1. Optokinetic nystagmus
a. Abnormal in parietal lobe infarct
b. Asymmetrical OKN can be normal in young infants
2. Vergence
a. Is involved in motor fusion
b. Varies depending on the degree of accommodation
c. Can involve saccades of different amplitude
d. Can be both horizontal and vertical
3. Stereopsis
a. Requires bifoveal fixation
b. Develops at age 3-4
c. Microsaccades are involved
4. Crystallins
a. Alpha and beta crystallins expressed at the same time embyrologically
5. Foveola
a. Henle’s fibre layer is present
b. Contains 2 layers of ganglion cells
c. Thinnest layer of the retina
d. Thickening of internal limiting membrane
6. Cornea
a. produces three Purkinje images
b. Causes spherical aberration
7. Activation of prothrombin
a. requires platelets
8. Retrolaminar optic nerve blood supply comes from:
a. long ciliary artery
b. Circle of Zinn Haller
c. central retinal artery
d. dural branches of ophthalmic artery
9. Integrins and Thrombospondins
10. CSF
a. Site of maximum production
b. Greater volume within ventricles
c. Is only a plama ultrafiltrate
11. Superior colliculus
a. Inferior and superior brachium
12. UV absorption by cornea and lens
13. Optic chiasm
a. Anterior aspect contains macular fibre
14. Optic tract
a. Curves around cerebral peduncle
b. Inferior to posterior communicating artery
c. Inferior to third ventricle
d. Posterior to pituitary stalk
e. Passes over diaphragm sellae
15. Lateral geniculate nucleus
a. Distribution of macular fibres
b. Ipsilateral and contralateral projections
c. The ganglion cell axon terminates in five or six branches
16. Anterior choroidal artery
17. Basement membrane
a. Contains elastin
18. Trabecular meshwork
a. Contains elastin
b. Is in communication with the canal of schlemm
c. Is supported by the papillary dilator muscle
.
19. Pattern VEPs
a. Affected by strabismic amblyopia
b. Affected by refractive error
20. EOG
a. Useful to assess integrity of retina in unconscious patients
21. Atrial natriuretic hormone
22. Anterior/Posterior pituitary hormone.s
23. Adrenal gland hormones
24. Collagen
a. Contains predominantly lysine and leucine
b. Exists as molecules in the endosplasmic reticulum
c. Hydroxylation of proline/lysine
25. With regards to physical exercise
a. coronary arteries constrict
b. cerebral arteries constrict
26. Effects of adrenaline
27. Raised Pco2 occurs in
a. hypoventilation
b. salicylate overdose
c. carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
28. Retinal embryology
a. cone pedicles develop before rod spherules
b. outer segment develop at 7 months
29. Embryology of the orbit
a. origin of nasolacrimal duct
b. lower eyelid derived from maxillary process
c. upper eyelid derived from frontonasal prominence
d. development complete by 7th week
30. Iris
a. attached to middle of anterior surface of ciliary body
b. posterior epithelium derived from rim of optic cup
31.Choriocapillaris
a. Firmly attached to Bruch’s membrane
b. Shows autoregulation
c. Has an autonomic nerve supply
32. Photoreceptors
a. Blood supply
b. Reduced oxygen consumption in the light adapted retina
c. Have twice oxygen consumption compared to cerebral cortex
33.Short ciliary nerve
a. contains sympathetic fibres
34.Lens
a. Ball and socket joint
b. Contains macula adherens
c. Anterior epithelial cells produce crystallins
d. Contain multinucleate cells
35.Hypermetropia
a. Require correction of long distance prescription with time
b. More likely to develop presbyopia than myopes
c. Corrected with diverging lenses
d. Have shorter axial lengths
e. Have high state of accommodation
36. Inferior rectus
a. Is connected/attached to the lower eyelids
37. Abducent
a. Longest nerve
b. Pierces endosteal layer at clivus
c. Relationship to petrosphenoidal ligament
38. Cholesterol
a. Heaviest molecule in membrane
b. Increases plasma deformability
c. Has hydrophilic group on C-3
d. Covalently attached to other membrane components
39. Magnocellular pathways
a. Low contrast, High Frequency
40. Cavernous sinus
41. Iris histology
42. Vitreous
a. Has a cortical gel
b. Anterior vitreous face
c. Posterior vitreous